Library

Reports from related projects

State of the art analysis on violent extremism and radicalisation in the prison environment

Part I of the report presents a state of the art analysis on violent extremism and radicalisation in the prison environment, including the concepts, the main general explanatory frameworks, the phases, the pathways and levels of radicalisation, as well as the main indicators on how to identify vulnerable individuals at risk of radicalisation. This is followed by a collection of approaches and practices employed by prison services to tackle the phenomena in the four participating countries in the project: Belgium, Norway, Romania and Turkey. For this purpose, a data collection tool in the form of a survey was developed and deployed. Lastly, in part III, a methodological framework was developed to analyse radicalisation within prisons, based on the desk research findings and on the collected approaches and practices.
Output 1 Final Research Report: "R2PRIS Methodological Framework", January 2017. Download the Report.

Radicalisation topics published in JUSTICE TRENDS Magazine

JUSTICE TRENDS magazine, Issue Nr. 1 (published in June 2017)

• Interview  Mrs Vera Jourova, European Commissioner for Justice, Consumers and Gender Equality
• "Finding Regional Solutions for Regional Challenges", an article by Dorin Muresan

JUSTICE TRENDS magazine, Issue Nr. 2 (published in January 2018)

• Interview Mr Vivian Geiran, Chair of the Council for Penological Cooperation, of the Council of Europe
• Interview Mr Ángel Yuste Castillejo, Director General of Penitentiary Institutions Spain
• "Radicalisation Prevention in Prisons and in the Community", an article by Susana Reis & Marina Soares
• Interview Mrs Annie Devos, Director General Houses of Justice of  Wallonia Brussels Federation

​JUSTICE TRENDS magazine, Issue Nr. 3 (published in June 2018)

• ​Interview H.E. Koen Geens, Minister of Justice, Belgium
• Interview Mr. Stéphane Bredin, Director General Prison Administration, France
• "Multi-level in-Prison Radicalisation Prevention - The R2PRIS Approach and Certification Programme"
• "Highlights of the European Commission's Conference on Radicalisation in Prisons"
• Interview Mr Mohamed Salah Tamek, Delegate General of the Correctional Department, Kingdom of Morocco
• Interview Lieutenant General Ofra Klinger, Commissioner of the Israel Prison Service

 ​JUSTICE TRENDS magazine, Issue Nr. 4 (published in January 2019) 

• Interview: Alexandre Zouev, Assistant Secretary-General for Rule of Law and Security Institutions, United Nations 

​JUSTICE TRENDS magazine, Issue Nr. 5 (published in June 2019) 

• Interview: Giuseppe Spadaro, Judge, President of the Juvenile Court of Bologna, Former President of the Lamezia Terme District Court Criminal Section, Italy
• Interview: Torben Adams, Radicalisation Awareness Network (RAN), Co-chair Prison and Probation Working Group (P&P), RAN, European Commission​
• ​"Understanding radicalisation, dynamic security and intelligence in prisons", an article by Pedro das Neves, Pedro Liberado & Susana Reis
• "The global risk of radicalisation in prisons", an article by Dr David Hansen
• " Restorative justice beyond the emergency caused by terrorism", an article by Sergio Bianchi
• "Towards a holistic approach to deradicalisation",  an article by Dr Ioan Durnescu​
• Interview: Sebastian Schulenberg, Director General of Prison and Probation, Senator for Justice and Constitutional Affairs, Bremen, Germany
• Interview: Brigadier Ayman Turki AL Awaisheh, Director General of Correctional and Rehabilitation Centres, Jordan
• "What do we know about American prison gangs?" an article by Danilo Freire
• "Multi-level in-Prison Radicalisation Prevention - The R2PRIS Approach and Certification Programme"​​

​JUSTICE TRENDS magazine, Issue Nr. 6 (published in August 2020) 

• Judicial Strategy Against all Forms of Violent Extremism in Prison: Harmonised Guidelines for Judges, Enrico Sbriglia, General Manager of the Italian Penitentiary Administration​​

​JUSTICE TRENDS magazine, Issue Nr. 7 (published in July 2021) 

• Interview Didier Reynders, European Commissioner for Justice, European Commission;
• Interview Rudy Van De Voorde, Director-General Belgian Prison Service​​

European and International legal Instruments
​(Recommendations & Conventions)

• ​Approaches to violent extremist offenders and countering radicalisation in prisons and probation, 2016
  ​Draft Guidelines for Prison and Probation Services regarding Radicalisation and Violent Extremism, Council of Europe, 2015.
• Preventing Radicalisation to terrorism and Violent Extremism: Strengthening the EU’s Response , EU Commission Communication published in January 2014.
• RAN Prison and Probation Working Group: Proposed Policy Recommendations, December 2012.

National Plans & Guidelines

• Prevention of radicalization and extremism: Action Plan. Danish Government, September 2014.
• Action plan against Radicalisation and Violent Extremism. Norwegian Government, August 2014.
• The Netherlands Comprehensive Action Programme to Combat Jihadism. Dutch Government, August 2014.
• Booklet—Preventing violent extremism and radicalisation in Australia  Australian Government, 2015.
• Tackling extremism in the UK,  December 2013 Report from the Prime Minister’s Task Force on Tackling Radicalisation and Extremism,

Reports & Articles

Radicalisation & Terrorism

Far-right Extremism

• ​Extreme Right Wing symbols, numbers and acronyms (North West Countertwrrorism Unit, n/a)​
• Far-Right Extremism - A Practical Introduction (RAN, 2019)​​
• Violent Right-Wing Extremism in Focus (RAN, 2020)
• What About the Terrorism of the Far Right? (Amarasingam & Davey, 2017)

Islamist Extremism Terrorism

• ​​​A Genealogy of Radical Islam (Wiktorowicz, 2005)​
• "Electronic Jihad": The Internet as al-Qaeda's Catalyst for Global Terror (Rudner, 2016)​
• Homegrown Terrorism and Islamist Radicalisation in Europe (Precht, 2007)
• Islamist Extremism - A Practical Introduction (RAN, 2019)
• Jihadi Video & Auto-Radicalisation: Evidence from an Exploratory YouTube Study (Conway & McInerney, 2008)
• The Moral Questions on the Religious Basis for Terrorism (Obi & Ukaulor, 2016)
• ​Religion, Violence and Radical Environmentalism: From Earth First! to the Unabomber to the Earth Liberation Front (Taylor, 2007)​​
• ​Social Identity Theory for Investigating Islamic Extremism in the Diaspora (Raffie, 2013)

Online Radicalisation

• Combining Social Network Analysis and Sentiment Analysis to Explore the Potential for Online Radicalisation (Bermingham et al., 2009)​
• Digital Network Repertoires and Organizational Hybridity (Chadwick, 2007)​
• Exploring the Intersections of Technology, Crime, and Terror (Holt, 2012)
• ​Hate Online: A Content Analysis of Extremist Internet Sites (Gerstenfeld, Grant & Chiang, 2003)​
• ​​Pathways to Violent Extremism in the Digital Era (Edwards & Gribbon, 2013)
• Political Radicalization on the Internet: Extremist Content, Government Control, and the Power of Victim and Jihad Videos (Holt, Freilich, Chermak & McCauley, 2015)​
• ​Social Network Hate Speech Detection for Amharic Language (Mossie & Wang, 2018)
• Terrorist Use of the Internet by the Numbers: Quantifying Behaviors, Patterns, and Processes (Gill et al., 2017)

Animal Rights and Ecological Extremism

• Animal Rights Extremism and the Terrorism Question (Hadley 2009)
• Animal Rights Extremism: Victimization, Investigation and Detection of a Campaign of Criminal Intimidation (Donovan & Coupe, 2013)
• Not Quite Terrorism: Animal Rights Extremism in the United Kingdom (Monaghan, 2013)​
• Saving Lives or Spreading Fear: The Terroristic Nature of Eco-Extremism (Grubb, 2010)​
• The Earth Liberation Front and Environmental Terrorism (Leader & Probst, 2003)

Hooliganism

• Learning from Adjacent Fields: The Relation between Extremism and Hooliganism (RAN, 2018)​
• 'No Surrender to the Taliban': Football Hooliganism, Islamophobia and the Rise of the English Defence League (Garland & Treadwell, 2010)
• ​The Many Faces of Fanaticism (Marimaa, 2010)The Many Faces of Fanaticism (Marimaa, 2010)

General

• Anatomy of terror: What Makes Normal People Become Extremists? (Byrne, 2017)​
• ​Approaches to Violent Extremist Offenders and Countering Radicalisation in Prisons and Probation (RAN, 2016)
• ​CoE Handbook for Prison and Probation Services Regarding Radicalisation and VE (Council of Europe, 2016).​​​
• Conference on Radicalisation in Prisons Event Report (European Commission, 2018)
• Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism (League of Nations, 1937)
• Dealing with Radicalisation in a Prison and Probation Context (RAN, 2016)​​​​
• ​Extremism Risk Assessment - A Directory (Lloyd, 2019)​
• Final Report: Empirical Assessment of Domestic Radicalization (Jensen & LaFree, 2016)
• ​From Profiles to Pathways and Roots to Routes: Perspectives from Psychology on Radicalization into Terrorism (Horgan, 2008)
• ​Guidelines for Prison and Probation Services Regarding Radicalisation and Violent Extremism (Council of Europe, 2016)
• Handbook on the Management of Violent Extremist Prisoners and the Prevention of Radicalization to Violence in Prisons (UNODC, 2016)​​​​​
• Journey To Extremism In Africa: Drivers, Incentives And The Tipping Point For Recruitment (United Nations Development Programme, 2017)​​
• ​Looking for Waves of Terrorism (Rasler & Thompson, 2009)
• Measuring Radicalisation: Risk Assessment Conceptualisations and Practice in England and Wales (Knudsen, 2018)
• Militant Extremist Mindset and the Assessment of Radicalization in the General Population (Stankov et al., 2018)
• Militant Extremist Mind-Set: Proviolence, Vile World, and Divine Power (Stankov, Saucier & Knežević, 2010)​​​
• Poverty, Minority Economic Discrimination, and Domestic Terrorism (Piazza, 2011)
• ​Preventing Radicalisation in Prisons (Penal Reform International, 2016)​
• Preventing Radicalisation to Terrorism and Violent Extremism - Prison and probation interventions (RAN, 2019)
• ​Radicalisation, De-radicalisation, Counter-Radicalisation: A Conceptual Discussion and Literature Review (Schmid, 2013)
• ​Radicalisation in Bulgaria - Threats and Trends (Center for the Study of Democracy, 2015)
• Radicalization in Prisons? Field Research in 25 Spanish Prisons (Trujillo, Jordán, Gutiérrez & González-Cabrera, 2009)
• Radicalisation in prisons in England and Wales (Grimwood, 2016)
• Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat (Silber and Bhatt, 2007)
• Radicalisation Research - Gap Analysis (RAN, 2016)
• Risk Assessment and the Prevention of Radicalization from Nonviolence Into Terrorism (Sarma, 2017)​​
• Re-Offending by Released Terrorist Prisoners - Separating hype from reality (ICCT, 2020)
• Rethinking Radicalization (Patel, 2011)
• Roots of Violent Radicalisation (House of Commons, 2012)​​​​​​
• The Attitudes Behaviors Corrective ABC Model of Violent Extremism (Khalil, Horgan & Zeuthen, 2019)
• The Concept of Radicalization as a Source of Confusion (Sedgwick, 2010)​​
• The Many Faces of Fanaticism (Marimaa, 2010)​
• The Radicalisation of Prison Inmates: Exploring Recruitment, Religion and Prisoner Vulnerability​ (Mulcahy, Merrington & Bell, 2013)​
• The Root Cuases of Violent Extremism (RAN, 2016)
• Towards Academic Consensus Definitions of Radicalism and Extremism (Bötticher, 2017)

Disengagement & Deradicalisation

• ​Action plan against Radicalisation and Violent Extremism (Norwegian Ministry of Justice and Public Security, 2014)
• Additional Guidance on the Role of Psychologists/Psychology in Rehabilitation and Reintegration Programs (Hedayah & ICCT, 2013)
• Approaches to countering radicalisation and dealing with violent extremist and terrorist offenders in prisons and probation (Adams, 2019)
• Approaches to violent extremist offenders and countering radicalisation in prisons and probation (RAN, 2016)
• Counter-narratives for the prevention of violent radicalisation (Carthy et al., 2020)
• Countering Radicalization in America (Vidino, 2010) 
• Countering Radicalisation in Europe (Vidino & Brandon, 2012)
• Countering Violent Extremism and Radicalisation that Lead to Terrorism: Ideas, Recommendations, and Good Practices from the OSCE Region (Neumann, 2017)
• Deradicalisation, disengagement, rehabilitation and reintegration of violent extremists in conflict affected contexts - a systematic literature review (Grip & Kotajoki, 2019)
• Deradicalizing Islamist Extremists (Rabasa, Pettyjohn, Ghez & Boucek, 2010)
• European Counter-Radicalisation and De-radicalisation: A Comparative Evaluation of Approaches in the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark and Germany (Butt & Tuck, 2014)
• Evaluating interventions that prevent or counter violent extremism - A practical guide (Bellasio et al., 2018)
• Evaluation of the Netherlands comprehensive action programme to combat jihadism (Ministry of Security and Justice, 2017)
• Preventing Violent Extremism Through Promoting Inclusive Development, Tolerance And Respect For Diversity - A development response to addressing radicalization and violent extremism (United Nations Development Programme, 2016)
• Radicalisation, De-radicalisation, Counter-Radicalisation: A Conceptual Discussion and Literature Review (Schmid, 2013)
• RAND Program Evaluation Toolkit for Countering Violent Extremism (Helmus et al. 2017)
• Setting up an exit intervention (RAN, 2016)
• Structural Quality Standards for work to intervene with and counter violent extremism (Koehler, 2017)
• Tackling extremism in the UK (Government of the United Kingdom, 2013)
• Terrorism, Radicalisation and De-radicalisation (Doosje et al., 2016)
• The role of religion in exit programmes and religious counselling in prison and probation settings (RAN, 2017)
• Understanding deradicalization (Koehler, 2017)
• ​What can we learn from adjacent phenomena? (RAN, 2018)

Reintegration & Rehabilitation

• ​Belgium: an integrated approach implemented in the three levels of government (PREPARE Project, 2019)
• Bulding Bridges (RAN, 2019)
• Designing Rehabilitation and Reintegration Programmes for Violent Extremist Offenders: A Realist Approach (Veldhuis, 2012)
• It takes a village - An action agenda on the role of civil society in the rehabilitation and reintegration of those associated with and affected by violent extremism (Nemr et al. 2018)
• How to deal with radicalised persons in probation? (RAN P&P and Confederation of European Probation, 2017)
• Local Communications for Returning FTFs (RAN, 2020)
• Peer and Self Review Manual for Exit Work (van de Donk, Uhlmann & Keijzer, 2020)
• Rehabilitation of radicalised and terrorist offenders for first-line practicioners (Walkenhorst, Baaken, Ruf, Leaman, Handle & Korn, 2020)
• Responses to Returnees Foreign Terrorist Fighters and their Families (RAN, 2017)
• Rehabilitation for Foreign Fighters? Relevance, Challenges and Opportunities for the Criminal Justice Sector (Entenmann, Van der Heide, Weggemans & Dorsey, 2015)
• Risks, radicalisation and rehabilitation imprisonment of incarcerated terrorists (Hart, 2020)​
• Rome Memorandum on Good Practices for Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Violent Extremist Offenders (Global Counterterrorism Forum, 2011)
• Roundtable Expert Meeting & Conference on Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Violent Extremist Offenders Core Principles & Good Practices (ICCT, 2012)
• Strengthening efforts to prevent and counter violent extremism - Good practices and lessons learned for a comprehensive approach to rehabilitation and reintegration of VEOs (UNICRI, 2018)
• The challenge of resocialisation: Dealing with radicalised individuals during and after imprisonment (RAN, 2018)
• The Rabat Memorandum on good practices for effective counterterrorism practice in the criminal justice sector (Global Counterterrorism Forum, 2012)
• The Release and Community Supervision of Radicalised Offenders: Issues and Challenges that Can Influence Reintegration (Cherney, 2018)
• The role of family and social networks in the rehabilitation of (violent) extremist and terrorist offenders (RAN, 2018)

Security

• Assessing Risk of Violence Using Structured Professional Judgment Guidelines (Guy, Packer & Warnken, 2012)
• Convention for the Prevention and Repression of Terrorism (League of Nations Convention, 1937)
• Countering Violent Extremism: The Application of Risk Assessment Tools in the Criminal Justice and Rehabilitation Process (RTI International, 2018)
• Development of the RADAR-iTE instruction card for operational and educational purposes (Itälunni, 2018)
• Data Collection Methods - Semi-Structured Interviews and Focus Groups (RAND National Defense Research Institute, 2009)
• EU Security Union Strategy 2020-2025 (European Commission, 2020)
• Evaluation of a Model of Violence Risk Assessment Among Forensic Psychiatric Patients (Douglas, Ogloff & Heart, 2003)
• Formulation of Violence Risk Using Evidence-Based Assessments: The Structured Professional Judgment Approach (Hart & Logan, 2011)​
• Handbook on Dynamic Security and Prison Intelligence (UNODC, 2015)
• Interaction of different subjects Towards A strategic Common Answer concerning juvenile gangs (ITACA, 2013)
• Multi-agency cooperation (Radicalisation Awareness Network, Prison and Probation Working Group, 2016)
• Operationalizing the Assessment and Management of Violence Risk in the Short-term (Doyle & Logan, 2012)​​
• Religion in Prisons - A 50-State Survey of Prison Chaplains (Boddie & Funk, 2012)
• Risk analysis: An integrated approach to the assessment and management of aggression/violence in mental health (Lamont & Brunero, 2009)
• Structured professional judgment of violence risk in forensic clinical practice: A prospective study into the predictive validity of the Dutch HCR-20 (De Vogel & De Ruiter, 2006)​
• ​The Canadian Contribution to Violence Risk Assessment: History and Implications for Current Psychiatric Practice (Bloom, Webster, Hucker & De Freitas, 2005)
• The Clinical Threat Assessment of the Lone-Actor Terrorist (Meloy & Genzman, 2016)
• The development of structured guidelines for assessing risk in extremist offenders (Lloyd & Dean, 2015)
• The European Agenda on Security (European Commission, 2015)
• The management of violence in general psychiatry (Davison, 2005)
• The Operational Development and Empirical Testing of the Terrorist Radicalization Assessment Protocol (TRAP–18) (Meloy, 2018)
• The United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (UNODC, 2015)
• Use of Structured Professional Judgment by Probation Officers to Assess Risk for Recidivism in Adolescent Offenders (Lawing, Childs, Frick & Vincent, 2017)
• Violence risk assessment: combining actuarial and clinical information to structure clinical judgements for the formulation and management of risk (Doyle & Dolan, 2002)
• Violence risk assessment: Science and practice (Douglas, Cox & Webster, 1999)
• What can we learn from adjacent phenomena? (RAN, 2018)